Cultural Perspectives in Education Essay Example for Free

Social Perspectives in Education Essay The word ‘Culture’ alludes to development or human movement. It can likewise allude to all inclusive human capacity to sort abilities, and to prepare and pass on them typically. Along these lines, one can say that Culture develops over some undefined time frame in light of versatile difficulties. What exercises are done, who ought to partake, why they are esteemed and the principles of connection are coded into the social models. There are various approaches to instruct, communicate or uncover information to an understudy. The student’s training particularly relies on the teacher’s theory of instruction. This philosophical perspective has all the earmarks of being genuine that could get a negative impact the study hall, regardless of what prospectus is intended for the understudy. The understudies have various characteristics and convictions that educators ought to acknowledge and figure out how to adjust to in the homeroom. On the off chance that instructors can't go past the limits of social class, religion, race, statement of faith, sexual orientation, sex, inability or social foundation, at that point the focal point of the understudies will likewise turn intensely upon contrasts and the order of understudies as extraordinary needs or underachiever, therefore assembling coldhearted pre-desires toward understudies in the homeroom. â€Å"The essential objective of training is to show understudies various perspectives and urge them to assess their own convictions. The educator should assist the understudies with appreciating how ones perceptions and translations are impacted by social character and background†. Chang, H. (1993). Understudies ought to be permitted to don't hesitate to voice a supposition and engaged to protect it. An understudy can concentrate on and appreciate learning more when the school and homeroom cause him to feel safe-good with himself and with his encompassing. The learning circumstance ought to be made socially unbiased by remembering the likely obstructions and deterrents that every understudy may have. Considering Marda Steffey (2001) proposes a four point inspirational system for socially open instructing: 1. Building up inclusionâ€norms, methods, and structures woven together to frame a learning setting in which all students and instructors feel regarded by and associated with each other. 2. Creating attitudeâ€â€Å"norms, methodology and structures that make through importance and decision a good air among students and instructors toward the learning experience or learning objective. 3. Improving meaningâ€norms, methodology, and structures that extend, refine, or increment the multifaceted nature of what is found out such that issues to students, incorporates their qualities and purposes, and adds to a basic awareness. 4. Inducing competenceâ€norms, techniques, and structures that make a comprehension for students of how they are or can be powerful in getting the hang of something of individual value†. (Nawang, 1999) The primary thought of the four focuses is that when understudy and educators wind up lowered in a one of a kind universe of the study hall, the communication of culture is significant for the accomplishment of the learning procedure. Solomon, B. B. (1991). Instructor ought to perceive any predispositions or generalizations in the study hall, â€Å"by regarding every understudy as an individual, and regard every understudy for whom the person in question is. Correct any language practices or models that avoid or debase any gathering, ought to know about how understudies feel about the social atmosphere in the classroom†. (Woolbright, 1989) profitable training must beginning with a consciousness of these issues and some essential plans for defeating them. Albeit an assortment of lessons can be productive, it appears to be particularly agreeable to offer an air where understudies can without much of a stretch have an open conversation as opposed to class meeting in which a right answer is required. Genuine open conversation will communicate something specific of power between equivalent understudies who have something generous to add to a typical undertaking. Sharing the realities and standards of ones order with understudies is significant as that assists with setting up a situation of solace, trust and joint regard. In this way, such a domain makes it feasible for individuals to trade thoughts and musings on complex and frequently startling issues. It opens a route for understudies to do a shared opinion of joint practices and regard which can tie understudies together and simultaneously make it simpler for them to comprehend and watch numerous distinctions. The educator ought set up a substance of assorted variety as well as a methodology that makes and show valuation for decent variety. It is critical to remember that understudies consistently watch and get familiar with their teachers’ conduct just as their looks. The study hall condition not just speak to the crucial estimation of energy about decent variety of societies all things considered it likewise cede extraordinary compensations as far as essential reasoning abilities, particularly the inclination to esteem advanced numerous purpose of perspectives on complex levelheaded and moral issues. The school or school ought to perceive the entirety of the different kinds of decent varieties, regardless of whether it is social or not. Understudies ought to comprehend when they go their study hall that they will collaborate with a wide range of kinds of understudies from all strolls the entirety of life. Levinson, B. A. , and Holland, D. (1996). They ought to comprehend that they are all in this office for an explanation and that it doesn’t matter what they resemble or what language they talk, they have to collaborate to make their class condition increasingly helpful for learning. It is shocking to state that very little improvement in this has been made far and wide with the exception of barely any nations, while in rest there is despite everything school and universities where social components are given inclinations. Each order is impacted by the disparity of intensity that exists across racial and social gatherings, among sexes, and among other socially made classes of contrast. Disregarding progresses in race and social relations, sexual orientation equity, and strict resilience, critical recorded contrasts keeps on existing the world over. So as to increase genuine moderate instruction, school organization should respect decent variety of societies. It ought to perceive occasions of different ethnicities and consistently concentrate new and intriguing lifestyles. The understudies of the particular schools and universities ought to â€Å"love finding out about different societies and how they cooperate with one another†. (Harold, 2006) The understudies ought to be permitted to do expressions and undertakings that are delegates of different societies and invest heavily in the way that they currently know about their siblings and sisters around the globe. Instructors have an obligation to help the individuals who are sufficiently favored to be understudies in getting mindful of the disparities around them. In this way, every teacher should work to inject each class with the various voices that added to the information base of the control. References Chang, H. (1993) Affirming Childrens Roots: Cultural and Linguistic Diversity in Early Care and Education: California Tomorrow. Hodgkinson, Harold L. (2006) Education in Social and Cultural Perspectives: Prentice-Hall Levinson, B. A. , and Holland, D. (1996). The social creation of the informed individual: A presentation. In B. A. Levinson, D. Foley, and D. Holland (Eds. ), Albany: SUNY Press. Phuntsog, Nawang. Enchantment of socially responsive teaching method: looking for the Genies light in multicultural training. Instructor Education Quarterly, Summer 1999 Solomon, B. B. (1991) Impediments to Teaching a Culturally Diverse Undergraduate Population: Kendall/Hunt Publishing. Woolbright, C. (Ed. ). (1989) Valuing Diversity on Campus: A Multicultural Approach. Bloomington, Ind. : Association of College Unions-International.

Broadcasting, Programming, and The Audience Essay Example For Students

Broadcasting, Programming, and The Audience Essay Broadcasting, Programming, and The AudienceSteiners ModelSteiners model on programming inclinations and broadcasting choicestries to show how stations arrive at the finish of what programming to appear. This model goes on the presumption that supporters will pursue the largestaudience conceivable. Going on the data given about this theoretical circumstance, we canpredict what every one of the four stations in this market will appear. There are three particular crowd inclinations. The main gatherings of 1200viewers has a first programming inclination of sitcoms and a subsequent option ofsoaps. The subsequent gathering numbers 900 watchers and would pick cops first and soapssecond. The third gathering, 500 watchers, likes cleansers first and sitcoms and theirsecond decision. This model says that the crowd will watch their first decision firstand then the subsequent option, however just is their first decision isn't accessible. Lets state that the Federal Communications Commission licenses station Ain their market. Taking a gander at the watcher inclinations, station A would begin tobroadcast cleansers. By show cleansers, it would catch a market of 2600 watchers. Allviewers would watch since cleansers is their first decision or it is their secondchoice however their first isn't accessible. The FCC at that point offers a permit to station B. In the wake of analyzing the audiencesizes, stations B additionally begins to show cleansers. By programming to this crowd, itsplits the cleansers advertise with station An and them two have 1300 watchers. Station B doesn't pick another programming in light of the fact that no other decision canoffer in excess of 1300 watchers. At the point when the FCC offers a permit to station C, things will definitelychange in this market. Station C sees the greatest crowd accessible is thesitcom showcase with 1200 watchers. In any case, when station C takes that 1200 watchers from the cleanser crowd whichhold sitcoms as their first decision, station An and B will both drop to 700viewers. They currently need to settle on a choice. Both can discover bigger marketselsewhere. One station, and it doesn't make a difference which one, will change to cop appears. For this speculative, station B would pick cops for 900 watchers. Station A, who despite everything is indicating cleansers, presently just has 500 watchers. It doesnot like that, so it begins to show sitcoms. Crowd 3, with 500 watchers, nowis watching sitcoms in light of the fact that there are no cleansers out there. Station An and C areboth indicating sitcoms and are parting a watcher crowd of 1700 for 850 each. Since the watchers are befuddled about what station is indicating what,the FCC offers a fourth permit to station D. After assessment, station Ddecides to begin broadcasting sitcoms in rivalry with stations An and C. Allthree stations have a group of people portion of 566. That is more than the 500 soapviewers or parting the 900 cops watchers with station B. Despite the fact that Steiners model isn't excessively far off what occurs in todaystelevision scene, it has a few downsides that keeps it frombeing a genuine model. Steiner doesn't contemplate that a few crowds are morevaluable to publicists than others. Since publicists need certain viewers,stations may program to that crowd to draw in all the more publicizing dollars. Steiner additionally expect that as stations go into rivalry with anotherstation, they will part the crowd similarly. That isn't generally the situation. Watchers will watch the station they accept has the better quality, even ifthere are a few stations indicating something very similar. This model offers a few bits of knowledge on how stations and systems makedecisions. Simply take a gander at the TV Guide and perceive what number of sitcoms there are on anygiven night. .u5202c471e1b60e1ccd3697639e693e1d , .u5202c471e1b60e1ccd3697639e693e1d .postImageUrl , .u5202c471e1b60e1ccd3697639e693e1d .focused content zone { min-tallness: 80px; position: relative; } .u5202c471e1b60e1ccd3697639e693e1d , .u5202c471e1b60e1ccd3697639e693e1d:hover , .u5202c471e1b60e1ccd3697639e693e1d:visited , .u5202c471e1b60e1ccd3697639e693e1d:active { border:0!important; } .u5202c471e1b60e1ccd3697639e693e1d .clearfix:after { content: ; show: table; clear: both; } .u5202c471e1b60e1ccd3697639e693e1d { show: square; progress: foundation shading 250ms; webkit-change: foundation shading 250ms; width: 100%; murkiness: 1; progress: mistiness 250ms; webkit-progress: darkness 250ms; foundation shading: #95A5A6; } .u5202c471e1b60e1ccd3697639e693e1d:active , .u5202c471e1b60e1ccd3697639e693e1d:hover { obscurity: 1; progress: haziness 250ms; webkit-progress: haziness 250ms; foundation shading: #2C3E50; } .u5202c471e1b60e1ccd3697639e693e1d .focused content zone { width: 100%; position: relativ e; } .u5202c471e1b60e1ccd3697639e693e1d .ctaText { fringe base: 0 strong #fff; shading: #2980B9; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: striking; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; content design: underline; } .u5202c471e1b60e1ccd3697639e693e1d .postTitle { shading: #FFFFFF; text dimension: 16px; text style weight: 600; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; width: 100%; } .u5202c471e1b60e1ccd3697639e693e1d .ctaButton { foundation shading: #7F8C8D!important; shading: #2980B9; outskirt: none; fringe range: 3px; box-shadow: none; text dimension: 14px; textual style weight: intense; line-stature: 26px; moz-fringe span: 3px; content adjust: focus; content improvement: none; content shadow: none; width: 80px; min-tallness: 80px; foundation: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/modules/intelly-related-posts/resources/pictures/basic arrow.png)no-rehash; position: supreme; right: 0; top: 0; } .u5202c471e1b60e1ccd3697639e693e1d:hover .ctaButton { foundation shading: #34495E!important; } .u5202c471e1b60e1ccd36 97639e693e1d .focused content { show: table; stature: 80px; cushioning left: 18px; top: 0; } .u5202c471e1b60e1ccd3697639e693e1d-content { show: table-cell; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; cushioning right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-adjust: center; width: 100%; } .u5202c471e1b60e1ccd3697639e693e1d:after { content: ; show: square; clear: both; } READ: Dissenting feelings ought to be abrogated UK EssayThis additionally shows why some minority watchers never get programming directedat them. The stations are setting off to the lion's share crowds which have largernumbers. The minority watcher inclinations, under these model, need to haveanother station before they get the chance to see their shows, in this circumstance. First Copy CostsFirst duplicate expenses in the paper business are the fixed expenses of owninga paper and printing the first. First duplicate expenses incorporate the cash spend on things that are vital forthe paper to be printed. These fixed expenses don't differ as the number ofpapers increments or diminishes. Since they don't differ, they are very importantand must be secured by promoting and memberships. These fixed expenses incorporate the physical plant,

Best of Book Riot The Great American Novel Yes, Please

Best of Book Riot The Great American Novel Yes, Please To celebrate the end of the year, were running some of our favorite posts from the last six months. Well be back with all-new stuff on January 7th. _________________________ Last week in Salon, Julia Ingalls used Barbara Kingsolvers latest novel, Flight Behavior, as a jumping-off point to ask the question, Is the Great American Novel still relevant? Leaving aside how many times that question has been asked, and whether there is any clear definition of the Great American Novel to begin with, the essay-cum-review is so full of question-begging I couldnt resist tugging at the strings of Ingallss tightly bound package of doom and gloom. Ingalls opens with a theme she will harp on throughout, that we live in an era when social mobility is passé, and everything hinges on a two-tier system. Her evidence for this is meager at best; she conflates the two different sets of wages and benefits for new union hires in Detroit with telecom pushes against net neutrality, diffential tuitions at a community college, and the uneven placement of tolls between New York and New Jersey as evidence for a class division. Something tells me should wouldnt object to, say, a two-tier tax systemâ€"except to say that it should be more divisive than that. More than anything, Ingallss complaints seem bizarre. She claims that American politicans consistuents think forklift refers to a movement preceding the salad courseâ€"what would actually be shocking is if anyone thought that. And if she doesnt think people are still happy to leave the Old World, and all of the ingrained prejudices and inflexible lifestyles that it implied to come to the US as a land of opportunity, well, she should probably get out more. None of that is to say that we should look at the country through rose-colored lenses, but avoiding sunglasses indoors is probably warranted. I have not read Flight Behavior, but many of the descriptions of how culturally stunted its milieu is give pause. [S]et in rural Appalachia[t]his is a place where basic cable sets the cultural high-water mark and [a]side from television, all of [protagonist Dellarobia Turnbow] exposure to culture is limited to the local papers and the low-grade bitchery of interfamilial politics. Rural America may encompass the least wired parts of the country, but 85% of adult men and women use the internet, including 61% with no high school diploma, 80% of high school grads without further education, and 75% of those making less than $30,000 per year. How much culture does Ingalls suppose was available in rural Appalachia at the time of her Great American Novel heroes like Gatsby or Huck Finn? As Ingalls laments the perceived irrelevance of college to many in Dellarobias town, did she stop to wonder about whether a sheep farmer really does need a BA, or whether that might not be the best investment? Or how many more people go to college now than ever before, with its accompanying drop in the value of a degree and increase in the number of college grads employed in relatively low-skilled jobsâ€"with student loans to pay off? No, the internet and mobile phones are not universal, but the idea that our world is only getting smaller is a stretch. Horror of horrors, Dellarobia has never been on an airplane! (According to Gallup, just over half of Americans have flown in the past year; lifetime unique passenger data has proved hard to come by, but we can be confident that Dellarobia is far from alone.) The college thing grates most for Ingalls. For her, it reads like a death knell for the novel and a free society in general: the idea that higher education is somehow an option, an unnecessary and ego-bloated expense meant only for a pre-selected few. The idea that not everyone wants, needs, or should go to college is taboo; institutionalized higher education is a must, no matter the cost (or benefit), and to consider it a luxury a sign of being in a walled-in, reified class, never a thoughtful rejection of elite cultural norms. That the free society we currently live in was constructed by people who had no notion of contemporary tertiary education would seem obvious, and the reveal that Dellarobia does, indeed, break out of her small worldâ€"because she happens to want toâ€"ends up answering Ingallss Great American Novel question in the affirmative. I cant help thinking, with Phillip Roths recent announcement that he will no longer be writing fiction, of another Great American Novel, his American Pastoral. The New Jersey Roths characters grow up in is no bed of roses, and the two-tired religio-cultural stratification they experience is much more immediate than questions of whether Comcast is going to meter your Bit Torrent downloads. Just as Ingalls concludes: [I]t’s vital that we never write ourselves off just because of our perceived class. That spirit of adventure, that embrace of chaos, the refusal to give up on our dreamsâ€"oh, hell, being “American”â€"should never go out of style. But how much hand-wringing is necessary along the way? We all have obstacles to overcome, some much greater than others, and no, [t]here are no guarantees. When have there been? Just as Huck Finns troubles were different from Gatsbys, Gatsbys different from Swede Lvovs, and Lvovs different from Dellarobias, the Great American Novel evolves to address what it may take for contemporaries to make it, no matter how many tiers there are and how high the walls between them.

Early History of the Pipe Organ - 1606 Words

Early History of the Pipe Organ The king of instruments has a long history, one which can arguably be traced to the concept of a collection of fixed-pitched pipes blown by a single player (such as the panpipes) (Randel 583). The first examples of pipe organs with the basic features of today can be traced to the third century B.C.E. in the Greco-Roman arena; it is said to have been invented by Ktesibios of Alexander and contained a mechanism to supply air under pressure, a wind-chest to store and distribute it, keys and valves to admit wind to the pipes, and one or more graded sets of fixed-pitch pipes. (Randel 583) These early organs used water as a means to supply air-pressure, hence the use of the terms hydraulic and hydraulis.†¦show more content†¦By adding a stop to a manual, one could then play, in unison, two or more sets of ranks simultaneously. These stops included new types of pipes created by the Germans which provided varying sounds, including those that mimicked the viol family, reed stops (trumpet, posaune, shalm, vox-humana, etc.), closed pipes adding a much softer and deeper sound and smaller pipes which produced more penetrating sounds. There was also the mixture stop, which originated (we think) in the twelfth century when one or two pipes were added to a key, usually tuned to a fifth and octave or third and tenth; it is also speculated that this practice helped spark harmony in music composition. (Hopkins Rimbault 36-8) During this time the pedal began receiving its own set of stops separate from those of the other manuals. At this point in the organs history, development was fairly uniform throughout Europe due mainly to the unrestricted travel of organ builders and musicians whose input would influence foreign builders. The uniformity of the Catholic church also helped perpetuate the use of similar organs throughout Europe. This trend of consistent organ building began to decline during the Reformation and Counter-Reformation, both leading toward more political and national boundaries being enforced, which increased the difficulty of unrestricted travel. Now we begin to see trends and different regional styles of construction,Show MoreRelatedBach Fugue Analysis1417 Words   |  6 PagesFor that reason, Bach used a fugue in solo organ pieces and in instrumental works and choral cantatas. This Fugue is the most famous of fugues by any composer. The difficult part to explain is how Bach created the Toccata’s forceful organ effect. When Bach was in Arnstadt when he was younger, the organ ordinarily lacked a 16-foot register on the keyboard; consequently, it sounds an octave lower than the normal 8-foot register. 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Polarization in Us Politics Free Essays

Analyze the evidence that American politics is becoming more polarized. If so, is this a reaction to the polarization of political elites? Approx 1500 words 13/12/10 â€Å"The election of 2008.. We will write a custom essay sample on Polarization in Us Politics or any similar topic only for you Order Now . marked the end of an epoch. No longer could Republicans count on the basic conservatism of the American people, the reflexive hostility to candidates who favour big government† (Darman, 2010, 34)In the 1970s and 1980s there was a consensus that the importance of political parties was in decline, that the shared conservative ideology of the American electorate was reflected in the similar ideology and policy of the Democratic and Republican party. Now, however, the parties are seemingly taking on renewed importance as the population of the United states grows less and less homogenous. There is now a consensus in the American media that their politics are increasingly Polarized between the liberal voters who vote Democrat, and the more traditional conservatives who support the Republican Party.This essay will assess the evidence for whether or not the American political system is indeed polarizing, and if so, then for what reasons? The role of political elites will also be exam ined, whether or not they are polarizing aswell, and whether this is a large contributing cause of the polarising of the mass? Many, including Marc Hetherington, contend that there has indeed been a period of mass and elite polarisation, and Hetherington believes that the mass polarization is a reaction to the elites increasing partisanship (2001, 621, 629).There is evidence in surveys that the political elite is polarizing; the amount of self proclaimed â€Å"very conservative† Republicans in congress and senate has risen from 12 to 30 percent since 1972, and the amount of â€Å"very liberal† Democrats has risen from 8 to 20 percent (Stone, 2010, 39), this shows that as much as half of delegates are radicals. For this reason political debate has grown more and more rancorous, both in Washington DC and in the media. The role of information in Democracy cannot be understated, it is a cornerstone of Dahls Polyarchy (1972).Although some media companies may attest to attempting to provide news without bias, their agenda as businesses is to turn a profit and as it is common for them to take up political positions in order to gain market share. To illustrate this, Fox News 24 hour television station was introduced in 1996 (this in itself could be seen as evidence for polarization) and by 2000 had managed to attract 17 percent of the US population by adopting a staunchly conservative viewpoint (DellaVigna, Kaplan, 2007), while one must stop short of attributing the Republican success at the 2000 election to the introduction of a conservative news station.The same study shows that not Fox News’ emergences causation with an increase in voter turnout (DellaVigna, Kaplan, 2007, 1228), arguabl y mobilising a previously disenchanted group. The radical left and right leaning delegates mentioned above are naturally the most visible politicians to the public in terms of media coverage as a result of the medias wont for framing politics in terms of conflict (Hetherington, 2001, 622).It follows that the mass public will draw their positions from the partisan opinions and attitudes which they are exposed to on their televisions and in their newspapers, either in support of, or by vehemently disagreeing with, the controversial politicians, political pundits and journalists, and will express these outlooks in the polls come election time. One tool which the media can use to project an image of a polarized country is by utilising state boundaries to show the success of the different parties in nationwide elections.The red state/ blue state maps are now a fixture of the news coverage as election results flood in, but it is interesting to note that as recently as 1984 Democratic victories were shown in red and Republican in blue. It is also curious that red, long the colour of Marxism, of Red China and Communist USSR (Patton, 2004). The only relevance of these points is to show that the apparent deep rooted polarized political situation is both modern and subject to quite sudden change. The red/ blue map shown in Figure one shows how modern Polarisation has manifested itself over the last four elections.The dark red and blue show that those states have voted Republican or democratic respectively all four times. Lighter shades show that party has won all but once, while purple shows states which have gone to the Republic ans and Democrats twice each. On first glance this seems to back up the polarization theory, as Fiorina and Adams put it; â€Å"when the 2004 election almost reproduced the 2000 map, belief in the polarization narrative peaked as social conservatives gloated about the purported importance of â€Å"values voters† for the re-election of President Bush, and liberal commentators bitterly accepted that interpretation. â€Å"(2008, 564, 565)However when one examines the map in figure 2 which breaks down the 2008 election by county, rather than state. This map seems to throw an interesting side note onto the red state/ blue state theory. While there is seldom a completely red or blue dominated state, in terms of area covered on the map, there is far more covered by republican red. The fact that the democrats won the election with so much less area covered shows that the blue areas are high in population denstity- cities and large towns. Rather than Republican south versus Democratic coasts, Figure 2 indicates a division between Rural Republican and Urban Democrat areas.Fig. 1 Fig. 2 There are other problems with the above quote, which Fiorina and Abrams do draw attention to. For instance the assumed intrinsic connections common to the â€Å"value voters† are not as strong as they may seem. For instance Democratic presidential candidate John Kerry managed to pull one third of white evangelicals, and one third of gun owners (Fiorina and Abrams, 2008, 568). These are two criterion of the stereotypical conservative Bible-Belt citizen, and the media would have us believe that almost every single one would have supported the incumbent George W.Bush. This exaggeration is typical of the American media’s attempt to depict American politics as more polarized than it is. Haley Barbour, governor of Mississippi and former chairman of the republican party here how he takes political news (in this case the pessimism about the future of the Republican party after the election of Barack Obama in 2008) with a pinch of salt; â€Å"In politics, things are never as good as they seem (in the media) and they’re never as bad as they seem† (Darman, 2010)If there is such polarization in the USA, such defined political cleavages, why then is every election so tightly contested, which Barone calls â€Å"The 49 Percent Nation† (Kaus, 2004)? Surely if the nation was split along regional, urban/ rural, religious or ideological divides, then surely one group would be able to dominate the other, at least periodically, and one party would enjoy longer periods in office. In the past two decades no Presidential candidate has acheived more than 54% of the popular vote. Barbour implies that the greatest reason the democrats won the 2008 election is becaus e it was simply â€Å"their turn† (Darman, 2010).Mickey Kaus of political comment website Slate Magazine, attributes this seemingly strange run of results to the Median Voter Theory, also known as the Black Theorem (Black, 1948). Kaus explains that the ideological positions of the Republican and Democratic parties are not fixed, they do not remain where the lines in figure 3 show, rather they will gravitate towards the point upon the scale which will guarantee the greatest support. Because of this, in both the upper and lower graphs (ie regardless of whether the voting public is polarized or not) both the main parties would lie more or less in the centre of the graph.The non proportional representation, two party electoral system reinforces this, as if their were many parties competing seriously it would allow for minority parties which could take up more extreme left or right points on the scale. Figure. 3- the vertical lines represent where ideology-driven liberal and conservative parties would be fixed upon the scale. The other line in each graph shows the how the voters are distributed along the political spectrum. In conclusion, there is significant evidence to show that a period of polarization has been occuring in the politics of the United States of America since approximately the mid 1990’s.There are a myriad of reasons which could be applied, too many to be mentioned here, for example Hetherington mentions that Presidential approval ratings and poor economic performance can often lead to polarization. The greatest factor however, to stretch the US electorate’s homogeneity is the influence of the elites and the mass media. Arguably this could be seen as a give-and-take progression, with the elites emerging from the mass to elevated positions from which they may influence the mass, and the media reacting to the mass in order to produce a marketable servi ce. Furthermore it is important to note that although the USA does exist in a somewhat polarized state, the extent of that polarization is not as clearcut as sections of the media would have one believe. The US is not simply a nation off older gun toting, gay hating, anti abortion Republicans and younger coastal, ethnically diverse gay loving pro-choice socialist Democrats. Perhaps a more apt description would be as a nation of centralist influenced by a small amount of more extreme outliers of liberal and conservative persuasion.Bibliography Political Polarization in the American Public, Fiorina, Morris and Abrams, Samuel, 2008, Stanford Resurgent Mass Partisanship: The Role of Elite Polarization, Hetherington, Marc, 2001, American Political Science Review The Fox News Effect; Media Bias and Voting, DellaVigna, Stefano and Kaplan, Ethan, 2007, Harvard On the Rationale of Group Decision Making, Black, Duncan, 1948, Chicago The Anti-Obama,Darman, Jonathan, 2010, Newsweek Fight Club, Thoma s, Evan and Taylor Jr, Stuart, 2010, Newsweek How to cite Polarization in Us Politics, Papers

St. Augustine Confessions free essay sample

In Augustine’s Confessions, he confesses many things of which we are all guilty; the greatest of which is his sadness of not having a relationship with God earlier in his life. He expressed to us that to neglect a relationship with God is far worse than the pity he felt for Dido. In reviewing his life, he had come to examine life and how there are temptations in this world that can keep us distracted.He tells to us how he became aware of this fact; everything is negligible except love for God, and his own guilt at not having found this truth sooner. He cried over Dido’s death because he was moved in his heart for her loss; a death brought about by her love and loss of Aeneas. Augustine had not, at that time, considered that he should have been grieving for his own salvation. There was a sadness for which he has not cried; tears for himself. We will write a custom essay sample on St. Augustine Confessions or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page As he was studying, he was growing spiritually and increasing his understanding of God. He was learning that his life meant nothing without God.He tells us that he was engaged in the pleasures of the world during his years as a young man and how conversion to Christianity and the study of the scriptures lead him to a deeper understanding of God’s love and expectations. It also leads him to confess a lot of guilt for his ungodly life which led to a closer spiritual bond for Augustine with God. The closer to God he became the less he cared for things of this world. I think that he found imaginative literature to be somewhat of an offence because it created a genuine emotional response from a fictional reality.Augustine thought a better use of his time was to read God’s word; because it is beneficial to one’s spirit rather than one’s imagination. His lament to God was that he wished he had taken the time to delve deeper into the scriptures when he first became acquainted with them. His confessions were made with humility as he expresses to God how he has sinned against him. He wished that his conversion to Christianity had not taken so long. He was ashamed of everything that was worldly or of the flesh.He sought to stay close to God by avoiding committing â€Å"the sins of the flesh,† again. He wanted to live a more righteous life than he had when he was living against the will of God. He felt that each person, should, above all things, have a relationship with God. I agree with Augustine on his spiritual principles. It is essential in the Christian faith to study the scriptures to gain wisdom and knowledge on how one is to live life. I refer to scriptures from the Holy Bible; scriptures that encourage us to seek knowledge from God.In the book of James 5:1, we are told to seek wisdom from God, not from the books written by men. â€Å"If any of you lacks wisdom, let him ask God, who gives generously to all without reproach, and it will be given him,† (Holy Bible) and here we are advised in the book of I Corinthians 3:19-20, â€Å"For the wisdom of this world is folly with God. For it is written, â€Å"He catches the wise in their craftiness,† and again, â€Å"The Lord knows the thoughts of the wise, that they are futile. † (Holy Bible) But I also disagree with him because we should gain knowledge; we should examine everything.I do not think there is anything wrong with reading imaginative literature because it enriches our lives. Reading fiction helps to stimulate imaginations. Advances in science and technology may not have culminated to our current knowledge base if people did not exercise their creativity, creativity that is gained by reading what other people have to say; what and how they think. Fiction also allows us to escape mentally to another time or place, to see life through someone else’s eyes. Reading is healthy stimulation for our minds.

Colonial Slavery essays

Colonial Slavery essays Slavery had begun on an economical basis, however by the late seventeenth century racial discrimination sculpted the American slave system. Slavery throughout the 1607 and 1775 grew in the southern colonies due to many economic, agricultural, and social factors. Englands southern mainland colonies, such as Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina and Georgia were dominated by a plantation economy in which profitable stable crops were the rule (mainly rice and tobacco). Slavery was present in all these plantation colonies. Rice was an exotic food in England, however rice was grown in Africa. Therefore, Carolinians were soon paying paramount prices for West African slaves that were experienced and supposedly well skilled in rice cultivation. Chesapeake tobacco growers responded to the falling prices by planting more and bringing more product to market, therefore increasing the need for labor. Conversely, families formed to slowly, Indians quickly died when in contact with whites (due to disease), and African slaves were too expensive. Consequently, England had an excess of yeoman farmers willing to sacrifice themselves as indentured servants just for employment and its benefits in the colonies. During this period Chesapeake pl anters brought about 100,000 indentured servants to the region by 1700. Drastic change came in the 1680s when rising wages in England caused the diminishment of individuals willing to sacrifice for a new life in America. In 1698 the Royal African Company lost its crown-granted monopoly on carrying slaves to the colonies, triggering enterprising Americans to invest on the profitable slave trade. Slaves primarily executed the sweaty labor of clearing swamps, grubbing out tress, and other unskilled tasks of such. The Africans agricultural skill and their immunity to malaria made them the idyllic laborers on the hot and swampy rice plantations. In the deepest S ...

The History of Automobile Names

The History of Automobile Names The automobile has gone by several names in the past and still continues to as variations of motor vehicles have been spun off. For example, there is the common car term, but word automobile is often used as well. Then theres truck, jeep, station wagon, bus, van, minivan and hatchback among others. However, it all began with a battle of semantics that pre-dated the word automobile, which was coined at the turn of the 20th century. So what other names for motor vehicles have famous inventors used prior to automobile? One good way to find out is to look at the names that were used in their patent applications. Heres a brief rundown of various car names throughout history: American inventor, engineer and businessman Oliver Evans  applied for a U.S. patent in Philadelphia in 1792 for an invention he called oruktor amphiboles, which translates to â€Å"amphibious digger.† His vehicle was designed to be a steam-powered car that rolled out of his shop in 1804. Initially created for the Philadelphia Board of Health for the purpose of dredging and cleaning docks, the vehicle was capable of moving on both water and land.George Selden, a patent attorney from Rochester, New York, received a patent for something he called a road machine in 1879. Due to existing laws at the time, the patent was pre-dated to 1877. Selden expanded its claims over the years. And by 1895, he had a patent for a three-cylinder motor vehicle. While he never actually produced a car, the patent allowed him to collect royalties from all American car manufacturers. Companies paid Seldens holding company, the Association of Licensed Automotive Manufacturers, for the patent licensing rights to build cars. The fact that Selden hadn’t actually followed through with his idea made the patent questionable to some manufacturers. Henry Ford,  industrialist and founder of the Ford Motor Company, was one of those who took issue with Seldon’s licensing fees and refused to pay it. Selden took Ford to court in 1904, but the judge ordered an automobile built according to the Selden patent. It was an utter failure and Selden’s patent was overturned in 1911. Selden could no longer collect royalties and car manufacturers were free to build their vehicles at lower cost without this added expense.  The  Duryea brothers  patented their motor wagon in 1895. They were bicycle makers who became fascinated with the concept of automobiles and gasoline engines.   "The new mechanical wagon with the awful name automobile has come to stay..."New York Times (1897 article) The New York Times mention of the name â€Å"automobile† was the first public use of the term by the media and eventually helped to popularize the name for motor vehicles. Credit for the name actually goes to a 14th century Italian painter and engineer named Martini. While he never built an automobile, he did draw up plans for a man-powered carriage with four wheels. He came up with the name automobile by combining the Greek word auto meaning self and the Latin word, mobils, which means moving. Put them together and youve got a self-moving vehicle that doesnt need horses to pull it. Other Names for Motor Vehicles Over the Years Of course, the other popular name for an automobile is the car is thought to be derived from Latin word carrus or carrum, which means wheeled vehicle. It can also be a variation of the Middle English term carre, meaning cart. Other possibilities include the Gaulish word karros (a Gallic chariot) or the Brythoic word Karr. These terms originally referred to wheeled horse-drawn vehicles such as a cart, carriage or wagon. Motor car is the standard formal name for cars in British English. There were other early media references to motor vehicles and these included names such as autobaine, autokenetic, autometon, automotor horse, buggyaut, diamote, horseless carriage, mocole, motor carriage, motorig, motor-vique and the oleo locomotive. The word truck may have come from truckle, which means small wheel or pulley. Its derived from the Middle English word trokell from the Latin word trochlea. It may have also come from the the Latin word trochus. The first known usage of truck was in 1611, used in reference to the wheels on ships cannon carriages. The word bus is a shortened version of the Latin word omnibus and van is short for the original word caravan.

Illustration and Example Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Illustration and Example - Essay Example It has also been observed that children of divorced people normally lack confidence and they start involving in bad habits soon. However, the other side of the story is even worse. Divorce is better for America than long-term marriage because divorce 1) decreases the chances of violence, fights and mental depression, 2) saves children from the feeling of being neglected and insecure and 3) stops the bitterness for opposite sexes which may arise due to regular misunderstandings and fights between the partners. Long-term unhappy marriages cause disputes, violence, abusing and harsh behaviors. Healthy relationships always require for a flexible attitude. If both the partners remain stiff in their attitudes then it is more likely that their life would be full of mental and physical depression. And this mental and physical depression can lead to other diseases in their lives. Individuals who are unhappy in a relationship but still do not part their ways are more probable to do commit actions of insanity. For e.g. daily fights in a household between the husband and spouse may lead both of them to develop a sense of grudge in each other. And in many cases it can be seen that this feeling of grudge has lead the husband or wife to cheat on each other and further worsen the relationship. The actions of wife and husband not only do change in an unhealthy relationship but also does the relationship affect the environment of the house. Another example can be viewed here in which fights between husban d and wife can lead to lethal actions by one of them.Children are an important part of a household who need to be properly taken cared of. However if fights take place between their parents they may not get proper attention from them and this may affect their overall life standards. It would lead the children to indulge in activities which are not desirable. In cases it has been seen that children also lose their will of living in the same house in which these fights occur. For e.g. in a household in which fights occur on a daily basis, children are not paid heed properly. These children develop a sense of insecurity in the house and thus this leads them to indulge in activities such as smoking and drinking. Here the option of divorce can be considered to be better so as to save the future of the children. Furthermore another example can be considered here in which the fights which happen on a daily basis in the house affect the confidence level of the children. This leads the child ren to have a lower confidence level. Similarly if unhappy marriages continue husband and wife might also suffer from the problem of insecurity. Insecurity in a relationship can affect the lives of both the individuals in a relationship. It can ruin the whole life of the individuals as they won't ever be able to find a perfect match for themselves. They develop a sense of

BUSINESS SIMULATION MODELLING Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

BUSINESS SIMULATION MODELLING - Essay Example Finally, evaluate the results of simulation (Banks, 2005, p.16). Although there are many types of simulation, this project focuses on probabilistic simulation using Monte Carlo method (Torries, 1998, p.59). It is also called computer simulation which is a numerical technique involving the modelling of a stochastic system to predict the systems behavior. The essential charactertistic of Monte Carlo simulation is the chance element (Kalos and Whitlock, 2008, p.116). This approach is used when the process given has a random or chance component. In this method, a given problem is solved by simulating the original data with random number generators (Pinsky and Karlin, 2010, p.285). The model constructed here is the probability distribution of the variable in question. The distribution can be obtained through direct observation or from past records (Hoekstra and Shachak, 1999, p.180). The objective of the research project is to make simulation of an inventory system. The inventory management simulation is a computer based simulation which generates demand and maintains all necessary records. Independent demand inventory models follow the classical model of economic order quantity. Inventory holding firms will bear two kinds of costs, ordering and holding costs. Ordering costs include items like labour, transportation, order processing and inspection. It is stated generally as a fixed cost per order and variations can also be included like quantity discounts. Holding costs include items like insurance, obsolescence, warehousing, taxes, management. It is stated as a percentage of unit cost per time period or an amount per item per time period. The EOQ model can be defined as a classical tradeoff model as with the increase in number of orders per time period, the ordering cost increases and holding cost decreases. The purpose of inventory management is to minimize b oth ordering and holding costs. When variation is

Auteur Theory and Jean Luc Goddard’s Work

Auteur Theory and Jean Luc Goddard’s Work Introduction The word â€Å"auteur† simply means author; however the auteur theory as devised by Andrew Sarris indicates a manner of reading and appraisal of films by examining the imprint of the author of the work, generally the director. Sarris uses this theory to rank the work of directors on the basis of three separate criteria: (a) technical competence (b) stylistic identity and (c) the communicability of their worldview, and on this basis, Sarris examines the work of directors and estimates their worth.(Wells and Hakanen, 1997:313). Keller points out that the auteur theory or la politique des auteurs may be summarized as the â€Å"acknowledgement of the director as the primary and shaping force behind any film.† (Keller 1930). The term, politque des auteurs was coined by Francois Truffaut, who realized that American Directors often worked within strictly circumscribed parameters in reference to the kinds of films and the scripts they could direct, since these were often predetermined and allowed the directors little room to experiment with their own ideas. Yet, despite these restrictions, some directors such as Hitchcock were able to achieve a personal style that was uniquely their own. The role of the director is to coordinate all the elements of production and its various stages, which ultimately affects the quality of the final product. The notion of the Director being the true author of a film first emerged through the views of Andrew Sarris, who offered the view that over the course of preparation of several films, a director may reveal certain recurring characteristics of styles or themes, which are like his or her personal signature or stamp upon the film, identifying it unmistakably as their product. In particular, where some directors are concerned, some recurring themes may occur in all their works, or their work may demonstrate a particular world view or personal vision that becomes evident through their work. The auteur theory is especially relevant and important, as demonstrated through the work of Directors such as Jean Luc Goddard, because they bear the unmistakable personal imprint of the author, despite the plethora of external market and commodity pressures that may fashion the final products. The objective of this study is to examine the works of French Director Jean Luc Goddard from the perspective of the auteur theory, in order to discern the unique thread that underlies this director’s work. Through an examination of four films, Une femme est une femme, Vivre Sa Vie, Le Mepris and a bout de soufflà ©, the unique elements in Godard’s films which set him apart from other directors are identified. According to MacCabe (2003), Godard is one of the most important European artists of the last 50 years and the most important French poet of the twentieth century, because of the intensity of this extraordinary man’s commitment to cinema. Godard’s films demonstrate innovation and evolution, presenting cinematic techniques that have evolved through several different aesthetic forms. As Keller (1930) points out, Godard’s films have passed through various stages that have deviated from traditional Hollywood reference points and demonstrating several different forms of experimentation that reflect his own view of life and the events that transpire within it. For example, Godard’s choice of black and white, his unabashed transmission of blatantly political views in his films and his use of a film making style that incorporates several different elements such as â€Å"narrative cadenzas, historical scrutiny, visual poetry, literary citation†, yet overall containing these within a dominant frame of contemplation. Keller (1930) also corroborates the views of MacCabe (2003) that Godard made films of great beauty and complexity, which only evolved over time into greater and more complex works of art with the passage of time. Cinematic technique in Godard’s films Godard’s films in effect are a systematic reflection on the notion of reflexivity in cinema. A work of art such as a film can demonstrate a distance from reality; it can be one in which the work appears to turn back and speak about itself. It heightens the sense in the viewer that what is being viewed is not reality itself, but that there is a reality that exists beyond what is playing out on the screen. In most of his films, Godard is able to establish a clear distinction between the action and engagement as portrayed through the events of the film as opposed to inaction or disengagement from the film, which allows the process of meditating about the events (Keller 1930). The reflexivity inherent in Godard’s work is one of the recurring characteristics that surfaces again and again in his films. He repeatedly uses alternative frames of reference to present the narration in his films. The film Vivre Sa Vie is about a woman Anna who was much loved, yet Godard creates a cinematic portrait of this woman through means other than the direct visual image; he relies upon the subjective experience that a viewer will gain about the character that is the subject of the film. He uses interviews, chapter headings, letter writing, philosophical conversations as well as reading aloud from several texts, all of which form the subtext from which the viewer derives a mental picture of the woman the film is about. Godard pieces together all these various disparate fragments together like a collage in order to derive an image of unity, a mental picture that will be different in each viewer’s mind depending upon their individual perceptions. For example, at the beginning of the film, as the credits play out, the profile of the character Nana appears on the screen; yet the audience is not allowed to see this woman clearly because her face is in profile and she appears in a half hit, shadowed shot which renders facial clarity difficult. A quote from Montague offers a referential context, suggesting the rich subtext that is to play out during the film. The character is shot from behind, and the camera pans for a quick moment to snatch a furtive glimpse of her in the mirror; yet this glimpse is almost like an intrusion and the camera moves away quickly as if it has engaged in the forbidden act of stealing her image. This technique recurs throughout the film; the experience of the viewer of the character of Nana is through the referential frame of others, never by viewing the character directly. The films assumes the air of an almost-documentary; the discourse creates the subjective impression of the character which the audience will gather based upon the brief glimpses and information it receives about her; information that is presented like a record of events in a documentary. The referential frame is evident as her emotional reaction to Carl Dreyer’s La passion de Jeanne d’Arc and her identification with the protagonist is discussed, Godard appears to be injecting historical realities side by side with the narration about Nana to further accentuate the impression of a documentary and thus reality. The end of the film shows Nana standing with her head and shoulders against a wall, framed against a photograph, while her husband reads out aloud a poem by Poe titled â€Å" The Oval Portrait†, which is the story of a man’s obsession with his wife. The entire story progresses as a painting of Nana is in process, until at the end of the film, the painter draws back and the subject of his painting – Nana – is dead. In this way, Godard not only highlights the dangers of an obsessive love; he challenges the audience to think about the female protagonist in a manner that is different from the normal filmic view. He distances the protagonist from the viewer and allows a more subjective experience to be gained, which will be different in the case of each viewer. The apparent reality of the character as presented by her husband is further challenged at the end of the film as the audience notes in shock that she is dead. The filmic technique of reflexivity may also be noted in Godard’s film Le Mepris, in which the director sought to present the appearance of a film-within-a-film. For instance, Godard deviates from the standard depiction of credits on the screen, rather the credits are spoken and Godard himself appears later in two scenes of the film dealing with the Odyssey. Was it Godard himself who spoke the credits since the voices are so similar? (Marie 1990:82). The viewer never knows, however it serves to establish a link in the viewer’s mind between one section of the film dealing with the Odyssey films and the other which deals with the non-Odyssey aspects.(Leutrat 1989:71). The cinematic technique of a film occurring within a film is heightened by a scene where Godard’s cameraman is seen helming another camera that is moving towards the camera which is doing the actual filming. The impression thus created in the viewer’s mind is one of a simultaneous presence by Godard and his cameraman both on screen and off screen. The referential function is also evident in the film a bout de soufflà ©. There is a series of filmic action and events that occur, yet at the same time, there is also a parallel set of events depicted that speak about the film and appear to offer an outside view that is distinct from the events taking place within the film. For example, in one of the shots, the character Belmondo in the film passes by a movie poster, which reads† to live dangerously† which is in reference to Aidrich’s W Seconds to Hell (Andrew 1987:148). A few scenes later, the filmic action occurs against the background of another film poster; this time one of Humphrey Bogart in the film â€Å"The Harder they fall†. There is a suggestion that the character is moving in dangerous terrain and the posters in the background serve in the nature of a comment occurring off screen, disconnected from the events of the film and yet offering an observation on it. There are more such references from films and theatre that occur in the film; for example as the film moves into its concluding segment, the character of J.P. Melville in the film makes an oral reference to Cocteau’s testament d’Orphee. Subsequently, the character of Jean Seberg runs away from a detective inside a theater that is playing Preminger’s Whirlpool; she is able to successfully escape the detective. After this, she runs with Belmondo into yet another theatre and in this instance, it is Boetticher’s Westbound . The association of movie action with posters and scenes from films and theatre which symbolize certain kinds of events results in a degree of unreality being accorded to the final moments of Godard’s film itself. For example, when the death of a character occurs at the end of the film, the audience tends to view it through the referential frame of the movies and posters that have been viewed, so that it is not tragedy, pity and fear that is inspired in the viewer but rather a feeling of filmic inevitability, as if the character has been absorbed into the referential frame of filmic reality and immortality rather than the tragic reality that is playing out on screen. Godard successfully employs this technique of standing back from the film itself and offering a narration, observation or comment on the film that is outside the main frame of reference of the film. This is one of the recurring characteristics in all his films and is line with the Brechtian theory of alienation. Brecht’s assumptions were that we as human beings, are isolated from the world around us through the manner of language we use for instance, which is not in line with our actual experiences of the world but in effect, proceeds along a different path, objectifying the world rather than allowing it to develop out of our subjective experiences. This tends to isolate us in an area where our objective knowledge and manner of expression in an objective world is in sharp contrast to the subjective experiences we may gain. Brecht characterizes this as follows: â€Å"Alienation is nothing but a representation, that is ‘making noticeable’’ of estrangement. (Ludwig 1972:20). Brecht suggests that the only way by which humans can disassociate themselves from this process of alienation is to withdraw and separate ourselves from this alienated experience in order to discover a more subjective way and unspoilt way to experience things and reflect upon them. Godard is able to accomplish this feat of withdrawal from the so called reality of the film and the objective use of language in order to stand back and assess experiences in a more subjective manner, relying more upon the true response of the senses to the product rather than the kind of response that man has been conditioned to give based upon his subjective training in the world. Godard’s career is characterized by the exploration of realism and film style. â€Å"For Godard, there is not reality and then the camera – there is reality seized at this moment and in this way by the camera† (MacCabe, 2003:79). In discussing his interest in the depiction of reality as it actually is experienced, rather than a fictional image conjured up for a viewer, Godard himself explains that he enjoys visiting a theme, place or subject after others have lost interest in it and the drama associated with it has faded, in order to capture the reality of the event as it exists (Bonnaud, 2005). He points out how images on television are manipulated, thereby contradicting the notion that the facts speak for themselves as depicted on the camera. One example he cites is the depiction by television cameras of the exterior or the Credit Lyonnais bank while providing a voice over narration of the scandals that had brewed within those walls. According to Godard, such images are meaningless because they portray nothing of the reality of events at all (Bonnard, 2005). In most of his films, the locations in Godard’s films are driveways, hotel rooms and large stretches of barren fields, which provides an effective and realistic backdrop that reflects the grim realities of his characters’ lives, providing them the space to meditate and contemplate on their transient mortality (Dixon, 1998). His films are interwoven with references to classical literature, as in Odyssey in Le Mepris and La Passion de Jeanne du Arc, the works of Edgar Allen Poe and Montague, yet all these provide the viewer the opportunity to reflect upon the deeper philosophical truths that underlie an apparent cinematic reality. In using such techniques, Godard appears to be questioning the reality presented by the camera. On the one hand, the events in Vivre sa Vie present the subjective portrait of a woman much loved; yet this love also kills her in the end. Godard substantiates Brecht’s assertion that humans are saddled with an outward reality that does not correspond to their subjective experiences and makes the viewer question whether the camera is really depicting the truth? The reflexivity inherent in Godard’s technique forces and presents a constant process of meditation and reflection, not only in the characters in the films but also in the viewer. Godard’s films thus appears to reflect his persistent quest for and his insatiable curiosity about reality, is it really as it seems or is there a deeper dimension that underlies what is visible on the surface? Godard’s films thus bear the unique stamp of his own way of looking at life, the manner in which he questions the reality of what is visible, his unwillingness to accept things as reality merely because others say it is so. Godard is of the view that the digital medium offers less depth precisely because it does not permit the kind of juxtaposition of reality and reflexivity which is possible with the film medium (Bonnard, 2005). The use of sound in Godard’s films Godard demonstrates a great sensitivity to music and the impact of sounds in creating a cinematic experience, as depicted especially in his film â€Å"Nouvelle†, where he used music composed by Manfred Eicher (www.ecmrecords.com). In conveying his impressions about Godard’s film Vivre Sa Vie released in 1962, Eicher states that the film reveals the director’s extraordinary levels of sensitivity to image, sound and rhythm, so that it is capable of moving the viewer on a different level when the his/her eyes are closed. (www.ecmrecords.com). A blind woman, Claire Bartoli writes about an internal cinema fuelled by the soundtrack of the film, that she must concentrate on to experience the film because she cannot see the images that go along with them. In an essay about his film Nouvelle Vague, she writes: Godard, with large cuts of the scissors, divides the material into fragments, producing sound miniatures, as pure elements (www.ecmrecords.com). She describes how Godard is able to isolate individual sounds such as the ringing of a bell or the sound of waves and rediscovers them within the context of the story that is taking place, so that it is the sound itself that fuels the emotional experience which characterizes the reaction of the viewer. In his film Une femme est une femme, Godard utilizes a mixture of sounds in eclectic combinations to produce an impression that is deliberately discordant when viewed in conjunction with the reality. For example, around the middle of the film, the protagonist Angela sits in a cafà © with her boyfriend and asks him to first say something false and then say something true. Then she points out in distress that his expression ha snot changed at all irrespective of whether it was the truth or a lie that he was telling. The film in turn appears to present serious things lightly and light things seriously, deliberately deviating from reality. The story itself is about Angels wanting to have a baby which her boyfriend Emile is not prepared for, she threatens to have it with his best friend Alfred instead, he tries to call her bluff and she actually goes ahead with it only to realize that she has gone too far and has turned a serious matter into a frivolous issue. The element of frivolity and unreality is enhanced and embellished by the sound used by Godard in the film. The entire film resonates with musical bells and whistles, there are sound effects that are over-the-top, music suddenly swells in an exaggerated and ridiculous fashion and interspersed within these are literary references. The use of sound in the film is eclectic and it almost appears as if the director is having childish fun, in producing sound effects that must change swiftly, as if they must hold a child’s attention. This yet again, corroborates the reflexivity the director seeks to imprint on his viewers. This may be noted particularly in a scene at the beginning of the film for example, where there is some cool. Pop music playing in the background as the protagonist walks into a cafà ©. The viewer makes an automatic association of the image with the character of the protagonist as hip and cool. Then as she leaves the shop, the music suddenly stops and devoid of the sensory backdrop, the viewer is forced to revise his/her original impression of the cool young woman and sees her as just another ordinary woman walking out of a store. But a moment later, the music starts again, as if, now satisfied that the viewer has been forced out of his/her sensory haze, the director seeks to push the viewer back into the unreality of what is playing out on camera. Godard effectively uses sound as a vehicle to force the viewer to refrain from responding to the film with stock emotions; rather he must view the film from a perspective that is different and unique. According to Dixon (1998) Godard’s sound techniques employed in his films, whereby he layered his sound tracks with an eclectic mixture of natural sounds and classical music, with dialogues and voiceovers, which is a reflection of his vision as a film maker. Godard’s reflexivity is also evident in the soundtrack of Le Mepris, where the ancient Odyssey scenes are shot in a different kind of lighting and color and utilize different theme music, yet they are similar enough to evoke a connection between the two, which suggests that the two are linked – is the ancient day Odyssey story occurring within the context of the modern day? The musical themes of the two parallel stories are â€Å"Camille† and â€Å"The Gods†, yet the similarities in the music themes suggest similar emotional undertones in both stories. For example, the opening chord in the film is a tritone in Bb-e, which is somber and dark suggesting something ominous that could be associated with the devil. The music in itself suggests that the tone of the film will be such that there may be a tragic outcome. This impression is paralleled in the theme music of the parallel visualization, characterized mostly by the use of strings and harps in a minor chord, which in classical music is traditionally associated with seriousness, sadness and ultimate tragedy. The nature and composition of the music in le Mepris thus highlights the allusion of the modern day playing out of the Greek classical tragedies of ancient times. Godard describes how he visualized the scenes in the film dealing with Odyssey in Le Mepris as being lit in a manner that was much different from the main film, in order to give the impression of a film occurring within another film. Those particular scenes were to be photographed such that â€Å"the colours will be more brilliant, more violent, more vivid, more contrasted also in their organization.† (Godard 1985:146). This is in sharp contrast to the documentary style used in Vivre Sa Vie for instance where voice-overs and the spoken, poetic narrations provide only the backdrop to the tantalizing glimpses of the character of Nana that keep appearing throughout the film. Conclusions Godard was undoubtedly a Director whose films displayed his own unique stamp, and his striving to depict the emotional nuances of his characters through the utilization of the tools of sound, color and stylistic technique to convey a message in sub text that moved far beyond the actual events occurring in the films. The innate curiosity of the director about reality itself, his constant questioning of what is real and what lies beyond the reality that is apparent visually can be gleaned in his films. His attempts to convey a mood and aura are not incorporated directly into the main narrative but rather must be gleaned by the viewer through the subtle signs that exist in the sub text of the film. Rather than making certain visual and audible elements glaringly apparent for the viewer by using close up shots for example, Godard leaves it to the viewer to subtly discern these messages, to think about the film long after seeing it in order to grasp the significance of the elements that have been presented in the film. Through this process, Godard forces the viewer to confront a hidden reality that may exist beyond that apparent on the surface. The Brechtian alienation suggests that viewers need to revise their way of thinking and seeing things such they rely more on their own subjective experiences. This ability to instill reflexivity in the film viewing experience and force a viewer to question the reality of what he/she sees is a particular characteristic of Director Godard. His use of literature and poetry as well as filmic and theatrical allusions is targeted at promoting a reflexive experience in his viewers. His characters reflect upon life within a contextual dimension that is as rich with visual, audio and spatial clues as the cinematic material which is outwardly apparent, to present the viewer with a viewing experience that extends far beyond the visual images. The complexity and beauty of his films is enhanced by the willingness of the director to experiment with avant garde techniques and use unconventional means to convey his cinematic messages. The director uses quitotix and unusual methods to elicit this reflexivity, especially in the film Une femme est une femme for example, where the protagonist is frying an egg, the phone rings, she flips the egg high in the air, dashes to take the phone and returns just in time to catch the egg and flip it back into the pan, thereby underlying the unreality of the images being viewed. The Director’s films stimulate thought and force a viewer to interact actively with the medium, to question what is seen and what remains unseen but can be discerned below the surface through careful observation. This is why the supporting elements in Godard’s films are so important the sound, the color, the music, the visual techniques, the editing, all enhance the messages being conveyed sub textually. The auteur theory requires that an author’s work demonstrate an unmistakable stamp that identifies it and sets it apart. The alienation and distancing from the cinematic view, the reflexivity inherent in a Godard film viewing experience is one that is not found in a comparable manner in the work of other directors. The auteur theory is therefore relevant where Godard is concerned, because in effect, a director must exhibit certain recurring characteristics throughout his films, which are like his signature on the films. This is what Godard accomplished through the unique and experimental combination of light, sound , editing and style in every film, which promotes reflexivity and presents a multi faceted reality. Bibliography Andrew, Dudley, 1987: â€Å"Breathless. Jean Luc Godard, Director† London: Rutgers University Press Bonnaud, Frederic, 2005. â€Å"Occupational Hazards†, Film Comment, 41(1): 37-40. Dixon, Wheeler Winston, 1998. â€Å"For ever Godard: Notes on Godard’s For Ever Mozart†, Literature/Film Quarterly, 26(2): 82-88 ECM: Background Information†, Retrieved December 13, 2007 from: http://www.ecmrecords.com/Background/Background_1600.php Godard, Jean-Luc, 1985. â€Å"Jean-Luc Godard par Jean-Luc Godard†, Alain Bergala, à ©d. Paris: Cahiers du cinà ©ma -Editions de lEtoile. Keller, Craig, 1930. â€Å"Jean-Luc Goddard†, Retrieved December 12, 2007 from: http://www.sensesofcinema.com/contents/directors/03/godard.html MacCabe, Colin, 2003. â€Å"A portrait of the artist at Seventy†, Farrar, Strauss and Giroux Marie, Michael, 1990. â€Å"Le Mepris: jean Luc Godard:, Paris: Edition Nathan Wells, Alan and Hakanen, Ernest A, 1997. â€Å"Mass Media and society†, Ablex/Greenwood.

College and the Workforce Essay

Most people dream about the opportunity to be able to attend college. They dream about what their college campus is going to look like, who their roommate is going to be, what kind of parties they are going to go to, and what they are going to major in. However, when the time comes to begin the college process, there are many people who give up on their dream about going to college for reasons such as; they think they do not need it or because it is too expensive. Even though college is expensive, it prepares you for your future because many careers require a college education and college offers many different opportunities outside of the classroom. The main thing college prepares you for is your future. It helps you be able to choose a career path you want to pursue. Currently, many careers require some sort of higher education. This is why college is so important. Another reason college is important is because choosing a major is a big decision. Moore and Shulock (2011), along with California State University, believe that students will be more successful if they â€Å"require students to declare a major program of study after a certain amount of time or accumulation of credits, and assign students faculty advisors in their declared major programs† (p.18). Countless students change their majors over and over again before they find the right one for them. A student has the opportunity to discover various types of classes to get a feel for what might be the right career path for them before committing himself or herself to a major. However, if a student changes their major frequently throughout their college career, more time and money is added onto their schooling. They do not want to go out into the workforce and jump around from job to job, because they may be looked down upon. In the work environment, they may be  seen as unstable, unreliable, and unable to commit, even if that may not be the case. Another benefit of going to college is that they learn numerous things, even outside of the classroom. They learn how to make new friends, how to get along with people, learn how to socialize in the proper settings, and also learn how to relax, have fun, and enjoy themselves. These are important skills not only to have in their personal lives, but also to have in the workforce. They will always have to meet new people and learn to get along with all types of people in different environments, even if they may not be people they like or agree with. Students have to learn to set aside their personal differences so that they can show their professionalism. It is also important to know how to socialize properly. There are certain situations where using casual conversation in a professional setting could be appropriate, but there are other times they would want to maintain their professionalism. For example, they would not want to greet a new client by saying, â€Å"Hey! What’s up bro?† They need to learn how to differentiate the social situation from the people who are in that social situation. It is also important to relax, have fun, and enjoy yourself. This can be key in the workforce because they want to enjoy the work they are doing, but they do not want it to completely over power your life. They should be able to find the balance of discipline and fun in doing your job. Committing to College Once a person decides to commit to attending college, they need to come up with a personal plan that fits their style of learning. There are many different skills that help them become a master student. Some of these skills include; time-management, organization, communication, and having a positive attitude. Time-management is one of the most effective strategies a person can have. It is important because in order to be a successful student they need to stay on top of their schoolwork, and not procrastinate. Managing their time can also help them in the real world because they are learning to balance out everything that needs to get done. Organization is additionally another central aspect to being successful. They should keep their workspace neat and clean, whether it is a laptop, desk, or just a  notebook. Having a clean space can help a student be more successful. Communication is also a key factor when becoming a master student. It is important to communicate with their peers and their professors. They need to ask questions, speak up if they have concerns, and always take the initiative. It will show that they care about their grades and their success. Finally, it is important to have a positive attitude. It is very easy for things to go wrong, or not the way they want. What they need to remember is that they should keep a positive attitude. Someone who sees the glass as half full is going to enjoy life a lot more then the person who sees the glass as half empty. Cox (2012) said, â€Å"motivated people are happy people† (p.142). Once they set their mind to accomplish something, such as a college degree, they become a happier person because they have goals they are working toward. Conclusion College can be a fun, yet scary step in a person’s life. Even though it may be expensive, college offers the student a chance to explore who they are and who they want to be. College also offers them opportunities and skills that they are able to apply in the professional world. Once a person decides that college is the right decision for them, there are many skills that they are able to develop to help them become a master student. References Cox, B. (2012). College Students, Motivation, and Success. International Journal of Learning & Development. 2(3), 139-143. doi:10.5296/ijld.v2i3.1818. Moore, C., Shulock, N., & California State University, S. (2011). Sense of Direction: The Importance of Helping Community College Students Select and Enter a Program of Study. Institute For Higher Education Leadership & Policy. Retrieved from http://web.b.ebscohost.com.ezproxy.apollolibrary.com/ehost/detail/detail?vid=14&sid=81a06a850563430ba39210e85133be18%40sessionmgr112&hid=109&bdata=JnNpd GU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZQ%3d%3d##db=eric&AN=ED524216.

The Biggest Myth About Essay Topics Ten Commandments Exposed

The Biggest Myth About Essay Topics Ten Commandments Exposed Whispered Essay Topics Ten Commandments Secrets Explain that we have no road rules so that they may drive in any direction they like. When you're finished discuss the reason why they have each rule. Discuss why it's important to obey these rules. Rules might seem restrictive but rules are made for a reason. Things You Won't Like About Essay Topics Ten Commandments and Things You Will So, having the ability to at all times forgive our parents means that we have the ability to always forgive our mistakes and therefore stopping being hard on ourselves. The commandment states it is wrong to steal someone's individual information by way of a computer. Tell your children to stick to the path and do what's written on the signs. There was indeed chaos all around the world despite of how some would not wish to let go their faith in God. You would like to hide the term in your heart. Many protestants are bewildered abo ut the significance of the word works. It is suitable to experience righteous anger. You will love our work. There's no use in putting hours of work into an essay if you are likely to damage your credibility by handing in something that's full of mistakes. No normal folks ever spend the opportunity to think they could be next. Keep going until you've got an entire row of sticks. The rules of the home are to teach you the way to care for your things and assist with the chores, along with how to respect different folks. The inventor of the electronic gadget knows it far better than we do, and we would be a good idea to listen to the rule book that comes together with the gadget. Without regard to the simple fact that using these sites is actually cheating, you won't learn anything from your essays and won't have the knowledge that you should get on in life. This is a great time to chat about what exactly is appropriate to post on social networking sites. The 30-Second Trick for Essay Topics Ten Commandments If a specific content is supposed for children or when children have a tendency toward access the content, it is essential for the creator of such content to be mindful in regards to the social consequences it is certain to have. However, lots of people don't have any objection if they're shown in a cultural display along with different examples of a ncient and modern legal codes. The protestant commandment to never earn any graven images whatsoever does not consider the full paragraph, including the prohibition against worshipping the graven image. Your body paragraphs should be constructed around the particular points you want to make that will support your essag argument. The order is the exact same and the use of words. If you would like a brief cut to creating an excellent thesis statement, take a look at our thesis statement formula. The decalogue can be readily broken into two sections. According to Guinness World Records, in regard to the theatrical exhibition, it's the seventh most prosperous film of all-time once the box office gross is adjusted for inflation. Then you are going to live a very long time in the land. Merely a bit more and you're going to be walking towards the stage and get your engineering diploma! Set the exit sign at the conclusion of the path. So should you need to employ college essay writer online, we're just the people that you want to contact. So for those who have an essay assigned that you will need help with, you can purchase essay online cheap from us. The sort of essay you're loo king for will be provided to you within the deadline offered to you. You're able to easily buy unique college essays and don't neglect to tell friends and family about it. Your aim is to create a paper that offers your original spin on an issue that needs solving. The ideal thing about us is that each and every time you can buy original essay papers for sale. Then the very best approach is place a request I will need to acquire essay papers written.

Management Degree Definition, Types and Career Options

A management degree is a type of business degree  awarded to students who have completed a college, university, or business school program with an emphasis on management. Business management is the art of supervising and controlling people and operations in business settings.   Types of Management Degrees There are four different levels of education to pursue in the management field. Each degree takes a different amount of time to complete, and each level of degree may not be available at every school. For example, community colleges usually award an associates degree but do not typically award more advanced degrees like doctorates. Business schools, on the other hand, may award advanced degrees only, and offer no associates or bachelors programs for undergrads whatsoever. Associates Degree: An associates degree in management can be earned from a 2-year college, a 4-year college or university, or a business school. Most associates programs in management take two years to complete. The curriculum generally includes instruction in general education topics such as English, math, and science, in addition to courses in business, finance, communications, and leadership.Bachelors Degree: Like an associates degree, a bachelors is undergraduate level. Any 4-year college or university offers a bachelors programs in management, as do some business schools. The curriculum includes general education courses as well as comprehensive instruction in management, leadership, business operations, and related topics.Masters Degree: A masters in management can be earned from many colleges, universities, and business schools. One of the most popular graduate programs is the Master of Business Administration (MBA) in management. Most masters programs lasts two years, but som e programs can be completed in as little as half the time. A masters degree program in management generally consists of intense study in many diverse topics and may require students to complete an internship.Doctorate: The highest academic degree available, a doctorate is not offered by every school. Nonetheless, many U.S. universities and business schools provide doctorate programs in management. These programs often focus on research, though some programs are geared toward students interested in a professional doctorate. Best Management Degree Programs Many fantastic schools offer strong degree programs in nonprofit management, human resources management, and other related majors. Some of the most well known universities specialize in business education, particularly those offering bachelors, masters, and doctorate degrees in management. Among the best management schools in the U.S. are Harvard University, Tuck School of Business, Kellogg School of Management, and Stanford School of Business. What Can I Do with a Management Degree? There are many different career levels for management graduates. As an assistant manager, you collaborate with the rest of the management team to cover several responsibilities, including overseeing entry-level employees. A mid-level management position usually reports directly to executive management, and directs a greater amount of personnel, including assistant managers. The highest levels are executive management, those who are charged with supervising all of the employees within a business. They are also responsible for supervising business operations and vendors. Many positions exist within these three levels, and job titles are usually related to a managers responsibility or concentration. Specialties include sales management, risk management, healthcare management, and operations management. Other examples would be a manager who oversees hiring and employment practices, known as a human resources manager; an accounting manager, responsible for financial operations; and a production manager who supervises creation and assembly of products.